Prayer in School Essay Example for Free

Petition in School Essay John Knox Press, 1996. 45-218. In this book the writer gives an epic depiction of the contention encompassing the discussion on supplication in government funded schools. It addresses the legitimate perspectives just as the understanding of among different articles the principal correction. Rear entryway utilizes history and going before occasions to draw out his contention against petition in government funded schools naming the training as a maltreatment and provocation of the minority by the greater part who are excited about impressive their own meaning of confidence. He affirms that the law on first alteration religion issues has enough and reliably explained the distinctions that exist among chapel and state. He refered to certain cases, for example, Barnette, McCollum, Everson, Engel and Schempp to make reference to yet a couple as having set priority hence forestalling future clash. Be that as it may, one peruses hostile to Christianity suggestions which raise the subject of objectivity because of his undeniable inclination. He has effectively introduced one side of the discussion with an individual tone. The book firmly opines that any type of strict tendencies in government funded schools is incongruent with the constitution just as with the standard of majority rules system. Murray, J. William. Allow us to implore: A request for petition in our school. New York: William Morrow Co, 1995. 11-97. In the primary pages of his intriguing book, Murray recounts his nonbeliever past that was coordinated by his mom Madalyn Murray and how he, as a multi year old was an offended party against the Baltimore School framework. The suit prompted the Supreme Courts choice that banned government funded school supplication and book of scriptures perusing. Murray later believers to Christianity and leaves on a strategic at fixing the ‘damage’ done by his past. He turns into a solid defender of petition in Schools contending this is the single direction of uncovering the ethical rot in the general public. Among different contentions, he presents the discussion as clashing inconveniences. ‘The distress of minority religions or nonbelievers at hearing petition in school versus the inconvenience of Protestant Christians at being denied from open prayer’. He permits that the drafters of the constitution are misjudged by the individuals who guarantee that they proposed to annihilate petition from open establishments. Or maybe, he refers to persuasive figures, for example, John Locke and Tocqueville as solid professors in the estimation of petition in giving positive direction to the general public. His proposals are anyway powerless since the opportunity he looks for could be mistaken for what is accommodated in the constitution. Again the establishing fathers he refers to are comprehended to have given us the current laws thus his enrolling them sabotages his very contention. Cookson, Catharine. Managing Religion: The Courts and the Free Exercise Clause. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. 54, 67-75. In this book, Catherine Cookson dives into the issues of the law and the authority of state as set down in the constitution on one hand and the commitments of inner voice on the other. She sets out on a task to give the answer for a repetitive issue. She looks at the historical backdrop of the Christian convention just as increasingly contemporary political improvement of strict opportunity (186). Her contention on the free exercise proviso is clear and interesting as she looks for the harmony between the majority’s right to strict articulation and open petition and the minority’s inconvenience emerging from that sort of articulation. U. S Department of Education. Direction on Constitutionally Protected Prayer in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools. Accessible on-line at: http://www. ed. gov/strategy/gen/guid/religionandschools/prayer_guidance. html Accessed on 12. 04. 07. This article manages the legitimate part of the discussion on supplication in schools. The article attempts to give data on the current condition of the law concerning intrinsically ensured supplication in the government funded schools, and along these lines explain the degree to which petition in state funded schools is legitimately secured. The Case against School Prayer. Accessible online at: http://209. 85. 135. 104/search? q=cache:RTckL_PUwSEJ:ffrf. organization/nontracts/schoolprayer. php+prayers+in+schoolhl=enct=clnkcd=1gl=ke. Gotten to on 12. 04. 07. In this article the writer digs into the contentions against school supplication. The creator propels the contention that supplications are private but then there is nothing private about a state funded school. Thusly the two are contrary and ought not blend. He/She affirms that state funded schools provide food for understudies with shifting foundations and strict tendencies and they ought not be exposed to decides that advance one type of strict articulation. As indicated by the writer of the article, Public supplication prompts separation of the minority and a forswearing of their entitlement to love. The article disproves the case that petition in school has any an incentive in checking cultural abundances. The end calls for absolute partition of chapel and state contending this is one method of forestalling disruptiveness in the general public. Works Cited Campbell, Ted A. Christian Confessions: A Historical Introduction. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996. Questia. 12 Apr. 2007 http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=87116157. Cookson, Catharine. Controlling Religion: The Courts and the Free Exercise Clause. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Questia. 12 Apr. 2007 http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=104449729. Murray, J. William. Allow us to supplicate: A request for petition in our school. New York: William Morrow Co, 1995. U. S Department of Education. Direction on Constitutionally Protected Prayer in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools. Accessible on-line at: http://www.ed.gov/strategy/gen/guid/religionandschools/prayer_guidance.html Accessed on 12.04.07

American Exceptionalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Exceptionalism - Essay Example Since the commencement, American political pioneers have been generally self-governing from political weights and can utilize their self-rule to take care of issues standing up to the state. During the Cold War, the global arrangement tested Truman organization and national security organizers. In the early Cold War time frame was the dangerous idea of life in the nuclear age, which unequivocally associated open with national security approach. The fight against the Soviet Union and socialism denoted another period in American political motivation. As opposed to different states, the USA followed exceptionalist strategies dependent on the possibility of the American lifestyle and freedom. During this timeframe, America joined enemy of internationalist streak and restricted investment in universal organizations. These universal relations prompted changes on the national level. Parliamentary frameworks of government flourish somewhere else on the planet and can be separated into different classifications; no other progressed industrialized popular government has copied the American framework. American organizations are remarkable. The fight against socialism and hostile to internationalist streak caused new perspectives help by most Americans. ... Americans anticipate less of government in administrations, especially in the arrangement of social government assistance, than do residents of zither majority rule governments; they firmly bolster common freedoms, for example, opportunity of the press; and they are obviously emphatically for a law based type of government. Boss among the political conventions that have been solid somewhere else however practically missing from American legislative issues has been social majority rules system. The United States is extraordinary among industrialized majority rules systems in never having had a social law based development with a solid well known after. After the Cold war, Americans proceeded with their global extension and were engaged with the Gild War. Atomic weapons reformed how the U.S. military was really utilized, in, for instance, Korea, Vietnam, or the Gulf War (Spanos 89).The contention here is initial an existential case that atomic weapons changed the manner in which Americans comprehended its place in a world. Truman organization organizers accused of overseeing after war national security approach conceived of atomic weapons as progressive as in they accepted doctrinal changes attached to the coordination of atomic weapons into the military had ramifications for the state and society. The Vietnam War and the Gulf war changed national qualities and customs of the country. Exceptionalism was systematized in the Weinberger Doctrine (1984) and the Powell Doctrine (1990=1991). Another period in worldwide legislative issues was set apart by new global strategies presented by Bill Clinton. The legislative issues of exceptionalism was encapsulated in Clinton's governmental issues of augmentation and commitment, his vision of Iraqi pioneer and atomic weapon (Ignatieff 94). Both Congress and the media (the administration significantly less so) have

How to Solve a Brain Teaser in a Job Interview

How to Solve a Brain Teaser in a Job Interview You might be more familiar with seeing brain teasers in the end pages of a newspaper, but some industries also use them as part of the interview process. But what are brainteasers for in job interviews and how can you solve them? © Wikimedia Commons | CepheusWe’ll explain the 1)  purpose of brain teasers and provide you some of the 2)  most common teasers used in job interviews. We’ll also give you tips on 3) how to prepare for a job interview and 4)  the three-step approach you should use to solve a teaser.WHAT IS A BRAIN TEASER?Brainteasers are not a new invention, as we humans have been interested in puzzles for a long time. In fact, one of the earliest brainteaser enthusiasts was Greek mathematician Archimedes, who used to devise mathematical problems for his fellow citizens to solve.So, what are these brainteasers? The Cambridge dictionary definition states brainteasers to be “a problem for which it is hard to find an answer, especially one which people enjoy trying to solve as a game”.Brainteasers are therefore types of puzzles and they require plenty of thought to answer. Typically, brainteasers require quite a bit of out-of-the-box thinking. The answer is not an easy one to find, but the pers on must use lateral thinking and intuitiveness.The focus of a brainteaser is usually on a puzzle or a specific problem. This excludes many other types of questions, which might be challenging, but won’t count as a brainteaser. This includes things such as:Tough technical questionsValue based questionsFailure or weakness based questionsWhile these might be challenging questions, they aren’t brainteasers.Brainteasers are typically found in newspapers and magazines, as something fun for the reader. But they’ve also found their way into the world of job interviews. The popularity of brainteasers depends a little about the industry, as well as the country. Nonetheless, it is a good idea to understand brainteasers, in case you ever find yourself in a situation where you’re presented with a brainteaser.Lets start by looking at some simpler brain teasers.[slideshare id=48369850doc=brainteasers-150520060632-lva1-app6891w=640h=330]We’ll explore the use of brainteasers in job intervi ews in more detail below, but it’s now time to look at some examples of commonly used brainteasers.EXAMPLE BRAINTEASERSWhen it comes to brainteasers in job interviews, the questions often fall under two categories: questions with correct answers and questions with no correct answer.Questions with a correct answerQuestions with correct answers are often math questions. Therefore, they are typically used in technical and finance industries, which require good mathematical skills and logical thinking.Below are a few examples of these types of brainteasers. While the wording or the examples used may not be the same, the examples provide the most common type of brainteasers you could expect. We’ve included the answers to these questions, but try to guess the answer first before checking!Example brainteaser 1:  You roll two fair dice, what is the probability that the sum is 9?Example brainteaser 2:  If time is 3:15, what is the angle between the hour hand and the minute hand on a cloc k?Example brainteaser 3:  You’re in a room with three light switches, each of which controls one of three light bulbs in the next room. Your task is to determine which switch controls which bulb. All lights are initially off, and you can’t see in one room from the other. You may inspect the room only once. How can you know which switch is connected to which light bulb?Example brainteaser 4:  What can you hold without ever touching, or using your hands?Answers to the brainteasersBrainteaser 1: The possible pairs of dice are: 3+6, 4+5, 5+4 and 6+3. Probability is therefore 4/36=11%.Brainteaser 2: 7.5 degrees. The hour hand moves around every 12 hours, which is 360 degrees in 12 hours or 30 degrees per hour. At 3, the hour hand points exactly at 3. This means that 15 minutes later, the minute hand is pointing at 3 and the hour hand is pointing 7.5 degrees past it.Brainteaser 3: Assign the switches with numbers 1, 2 and 3. Leave switch 1 off. Turn the second switch on for five minut es and turn it off. Turn switch 3 on and leave it on. Enter the room. The bulb currently on is controlled by switch 3. Feel the other bulbs for heat. The bulb, which is off, and warm is controlled by switch 2. The cold bulb is switch 1.Brainteaser 4: Your breath.Questions with no single correct answerBut job interviews often aren’t about testing your math skills, but are more focused on your logical thinking and creativity. This is why they often tend to use brainteasers with no correct answer.These are designed to find more about your approach to solving a problem and your ability to think on your feet. These brainteasers are not as much about the answer you give, but the way you go about solving them.There are two types of questions with no correct answers: the questions with a logical solution and often a possible correct answer, and the questions that aren’t possible to solve in any sensible way, but aim for a creative answer.Check out these hard to solve brain teasers and h ow to solve them.[slideshare id=36538567doc=hardtosolvebrainteasers-140702012330-phpapp01type=dw=640h=330]Again, we’ve added some common brainteaser examples, which are popular in job interviews. We’ve also included a few ways you could answer these questions.Example brainteaser 1:  If you had 5,623 participants in a tournament, how many games would you need to be played to determine the winner?Example brainteaser 2:  How many quarters of pizza do Americans eat a month?Example brainteaser 3:  How many footballs can fit inside a Boeing 747?Example brainteaser 4:  How would you move Mount Fiji?Example brainteaser 5:  Why are manhole covers round?Answers to the brainteaserAs you probably noticed, questions 1 to 3 can be answered with a near correct answer. In fact, if you had access to the required data, it would be possible to answer the questions correctly. But in a job interview, the focus is more on estimates and whether you take all the different aspects of the questions into account.Below answers are therefore focused on the averages and the focus is on the things you should consider when giving the answer.Answer 1: There are potentially an unlimited number of answers to this brainteaser. The point here is to ask questions. Questions you need to ask to solve the brainteaser include:Are the participants individual competitors or members of bigger teams?If teams, what is the number of teams?What is the tournament structure? Single elimination rounds or do each team get to play a specific number of games?Answer 2: To answer this question, you need to have an estimate of the population of the US, make a guesstimate on how many people eat pizza. After that guesstimate how many slices a person would eat and how often in a month. Then you can calculate the average size of a pizza.For instance, the figures could look something like:Population around 300 millionTwo out of three eat pizza - 200 million eat pizza.Average person eats two slices of pizza twice a mon th, meaning four a month.The average slice is six inches at the base and ten inches long - 30 square inch - four slices is 120 square inches.One square foot equals 144 square inches and on average one person would eat around one square foot per month, if you round up the answer.200 million times one square foot = 200 million square feet of pizza a month.Answer 3: You’ll need to consider the size of a Boeing 747 and the size of an average football. Boeing 747 has a passenger volume of around 876 cubic meters, with cargo volume of 159 cubic meters. The average football is 22 inches in diameter. The average would therefore be around 47,000 balls.Since the focus is not on the correct answer, you should consider asking extra questions. For example, are they talking about football (soccer) balls or American footballs? Can you use the fuel tank and does the airplane have seats attached?The final two brainteasers, on the other hand, don’t have an actual answer. For example, moving Mount Fiji from one spot to another isn’t really a logical question, as you wouldn’t be able to do so. The idea is, therefore, to focus on how you approach the question and how good you are thinking outside of the box.Answer 4: The questions, popularized by Microsoft according to reports, can be answered in a numerous different ways. Here are some of the possible solutions:Mount Fiji is already constantly moving, as the Earth is rotating around its axis.You could create a massive earthquake, which could shift the mountain.Take a picture of it and carry the image elsewhere.Take a piece of the mountain from the right and add it on the left. This would continue to move the mountain.Answer 5: This is another out-of-the-box kind of questions. The possible answers could include:Because manholes are round and any other shape wouldn’t fit it.A round manhole cover is easier to move, as it can be rolled.Circular covers are easier to place on the opening, since they don’t require precise al igning.Some further examples of brain teasers and how to solve them. WHY DO INTERVIEWS USE BRAINTEASERS?Whilst we can agree that brainteasers are a fun way to spend a few minutes (or hours!), but what is the reason behind job interviews using them.As mentioned above, the idea behind brainteasers in an interview isn’t about finding the correct answer, but more about the journey to an answer.In fact, the candidate’s ability to answer a brainteaser (right or wrong) can reveal more information to the interviewer and help the interviewer understand whether the person is the right fit for the role.Brainteasers generally help the interviewer to analyze the candidate’s proficiency in:Problem solving â€" How fast can you analyze the problem in question and come up with a possible solution?Critical thinkingâ€"Are you able to see the big picture and evaluate all the different options and aspects behind the question?Analytical skills â€" What is your ability to analyze different pieces of data and use them to determine probability? Are you able to make calculations based on the information you have available?Creativity and out-of-the-box thinking â€" Can you take an innovative approach to problems? Can you see past the ‘obvious’ solutions and surprise the interviewer with a fresh approach?Their ability to think on their feet â€" Are you able to come up with a solution even when you haven’t been able to prepare for it?Their ability to perform under pressure â€" Will you be able to remain calm and composed even when you’re presented a tricky brainteaser?When faced with a brainteaser, you should always remember the focus is not so much on the actual answer, but the way you approach the problem.Jean Eisel, director of the Career Management Center at Duke’s Fuqua School of Business, told Monster, “You don’t necessarily have enough information to give the answer. They’re (interviewers) really looking at how people process information”.HOW TO PREPARE FOR BRAINTEASERS?Since job interviews don’t always follow a similar pattern, it’s impossible to know whether you have to answer a brainteaser or not. Your interview success won’t be determined by how well you answer a single brainteaser, so don’t make it the central focus of your interview preparation.Nonetheless, it can be helpful to understand some of these basics beforehand, as you’ll be more able to stay calm and composed in case a brainteaser comes up. The focus of your preparation should be on understanding what brainteasers are, what the interviewer is trying to measure with it and how you can go about solving them.Go through the examples above to understand the different kind of brainteasers. You can find further brainteasers online and even watch the video below for some common brainteasers. HOW TO APPROACH A BRAINTEASER?The final part of your preparation and understanding of brainteasers should involve the right approach to solving the problem. There are three steps to approaching and solving a brainteaser and you should use this tactic in a job interview.Step 1: Take a moment to understand the questionFirst, if the interview asks you a brainteaser, stay calm and take a deep breath. Don’t blurt out the first thing that comes to your mind. A good trick is to repeat the teaser aloud while you gather your thoughts and analyze the kind of question you are presented with.Think whether the problem has a single solution or is it a more open-ended question. What are the interviewers looking for with the question?For example, if the problem is a simple math question, you can start working on the solution. On the other hand, if it seems like a creativity question, such as the Mount Fiji, one, start thinking a fun and innovative answer.Step 2: Clarify any issues you might haveDon’t be afraid to ask questions. In fact, it’s going to tell the interviewer a better ability to solve problems and be analytical if you do. Follow-ups also give you a little more time to think and gather your thoughts.It is often possible to use pen and paper to make notes. You can also use them to draw graphs and to visualize your answer and approach. This can show the interviewer your ability to analyze and think about the big picture.Step 3: Explain your thinking processFinally, you should explain your thinking process behind the answer, not simply blurt it out. You can present your abilities to solving complex problems, as well as highlight your creativity, by talking through your thinking process and the approach you took.For example, on the Boeing 747 question, you don’t want to simply answer with the final estimate. Instead, go through the different sets of data you need to know, the way you reached to your estimates and how you then calculated the final answer.If you had no idea of the size of a football, you should explain what estimate you used. For instance, you could say that you assume a football is slightly smaller than basketball, which you play and therefore, you estimated the ball to be about 22 inch.Remember, the focus should be on your thinking process and logical thinking skills, not whether or not you used the exact data or numbers. Even in the questions with a single correct answer, you can salvage points by highlighting the approach you’d take and the honesty of winging it if all else fails.IN CONCLUSIONBrainteasers are not the most common part of today’s job interviews, but certain companies still regularly use them. It can therefore be helpful to understand why you might come across them and the approach you should take to solve them.You shouldn’t ever stress about brainteasers too much â€" they are more about analyzing your creative and problem solving skill than a correct answer. Always keep a cool head and focus on explaining your approach and the thinking behind your answer.Image credit: Wikimedia Commons | Cepheus under the public domain.